Analysis and comparison of physical and economic productivity indicators for three major agricultural crops, namely wheat, potato, and alfalfa, in the Dehgolan Plain. In this study, 25 farms with a total area of 68 hectares were randomly selected and classified into three groups: wheat farms, potato farms, and alfalfa farms. The farm areas were measured using a GPS device, and the volume of water consumed was determined using an ultrasonic flow meter. Additionally, information regarding energy consumption (electricity and diesel), crop yield using the weighing method, and other agricultural data including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery were collected from farmers through questionnaires.



The results of water use efficiency analysis for wheat, potato, and alfalfa farms respectively showed values of 1.34, 4.07, and 0.97 kg/m³ for the physical water productivity index (CPD); 239.72, 1301.07, and 89.94 thousand IRR/m³ for the economic productivity index based on gross production value (BPD); 105.30, 1077.77, and 51.69 thousand IRR/m³ for the economic productivity index based on net profit (NBPD); and 0.75, 0.25, and 1.03 m³/kg for the virtual water index (VW).



Based on the research results, strengthening wheat cultivation as a strategic crop for food security is essential. In contrast, alfalfa cultivation, due to its low water productivity, requires gradual replacement with more efficient crops. Furthermore, expanding potato exports based on precision agriculture and optimal resource management could be a sustainable option on the path to sustainable agriculture.